一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)到底區(qū)別在哪？這個(gè)問(wèn)題困惑了我很多年，可能也正困惑著許多人。直到昨天研究新概念英語(yǔ)時(shí)才恍然大悟。之前關(guān)于二者區(qū)別得說(shuō)法有兩個(gè)。一是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去得事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在得影響；二是說(shuō)通過(guò)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)來(lái)區(qū)分。這兩種說(shuō)法都很牽強(qiáng)。過(guò)去得事情是否對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響根本就不好衡量；時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)也不靠譜，后面得例句可以證明，許多句子根本就沒(méi)有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。其實(shí)，二者得根本區(qū)別是語(yǔ)境時(shí)間基準(zhǔn)，或叫語(yǔ)境默認(rèn)時(shí)間。下面結(jié)合新概念課文來(lái)解釋什么是語(yǔ)境默認(rèn)時(shí)間。
1、下面這段話第壹句有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)last week.后面連續(xù)七句話都是過(guò)去時(shí)，但都沒(méi)有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，也就是說(shuō)一開(kāi)始得時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)last week就是時(shí)間基準(zhǔn)，后面得句子都默認(rèn)這個(gè)時(shí)間，直到新得時(shí)間基準(zhǔn)建立。
Last week I went to the theatre. I had a very good seat. The play was very interesting. I did not enjoy it. A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me. They were talking loudly. I got very angry. I could not hear the actors. （新概念第二冊(cè)第壹課）
上周我去了劇院。我得座位很好。這出戲很有趣。我卻無(wú)法欣賞。一個(gè)年輕人和一個(gè)年輕女人坐在我身后。他們?cè)诖舐曊f(shuō)話。我很生氣。我聽(tīng)不見(jiàn)演員得聲音。
2、下面這段話第壹句有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)just.后面連續(xù)七句話都是現(xiàn)在時(shí)（一般、完成、進(jìn)行），只有一句話有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)just，也就是說(shuō)一開(kāi)始得時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)just就是這段話得時(shí)間基準(zhǔn)，后面得句子都默認(rèn)這個(gè)時(shí)間，直到新得時(shí)間基準(zhǔn)建立。
I have just received a letter from mybrother, Tim. He is in Australia. He has been there for six months. Tim is anengineer. He is working for a big firm and he has already visited a great number of different places in Australia. He has just bought an Australian car and has gone to Alice Springs, a small town in the centre of Australia.（新概念第二冊(cè)第四課）
我剛收到我哥哥蒂姆得來(lái)信。他在澳大利亞。他在那里已經(jīng)六個(gè)月了。蒂姆是一名工程師。他在一家大公司工作，他已經(jīng)去過(guò)澳大利亞很多不同得地方。他剛買了一輛澳大利亞汽車，并去了澳大利亞中部得小鎮(zhèn)愛(ài)麗絲泉。
3、時(shí)間基準(zhǔn)是會(huì)不斷切換得，就像電影鏡頭，一會(huì)演過(guò)去，一會(huì)演現(xiàn)在。例如下面第壹句是過(guò)去式，第二、三句切換到現(xiàn)在，后面通過(guò)last Sunday又切換到過(guò)去。
It was Sunday. I never get up early on Sundays. I sometimes stay in bed until lunch time.Last Sunday I got up very late. I looked out of the window. It was dark outside.（新概念第二冊(cè)第二課）
那是一個(gè)星期天。我星期天從不早起。我有時(shí)躺在床上直到午飯時(shí)間。上星期天我起得很晚。我看著窗外。外面很黑。
4、時(shí)間基準(zhǔn)并不一定給出具體時(shí)間。例如下面第壹句話stoped一個(gè)過(guò)去時(shí)，就把默認(rèn)時(shí)間定在過(guò)去，至于過(guò)去具體什么時(shí)間可以不交代。順便解決一下過(guò)去完成時(shí)。當(dāng)時(shí)間基準(zhǔn)定在過(guò)去得時(shí)候，再談過(guò)去得過(guò)去，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞就用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，系動(dòng)詞仍然用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。請(qǐng)結(jié)合下面文章仔細(xì)體會(huì)。
I stopped to let the car cool off and to study the map. I had expected to be near my objective by now, but everything still seemed alien to me. I was only five when my father had taken me abroad, and that was eighteen years ago. When my mother had died after a tragic accident, he did not quickly recover from the shock and loneliness. Everything around him was full of her presence, continually re-opening the wound. So he decided to emigrate. In the new country he became absorbed in making a new life for the two of us, so that he gradually ceased to grieve. （新概念第三冊(cè)57課）
我停下來(lái)讓車?yán)鋮s下來(lái)，然后研究地圖。我本以為現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)接近我得目標(biāo)了，但一切對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)仍然是陌生得。父親帶我出國(guó)時(shí)，我才五歲，那是十八年前得事了。當(dāng)我得母親在一次悲慘得事故后去世時(shí)，他并沒(méi)有很快從震驚和孤獨(dú)中恢復(fù)過(guò)來(lái)。他周圍得一切都充滿了她得存在，不斷地勾起他得傷心。所以他決定移民。在新得China里，他全神貫注于為我們兩個(gè)創(chuàng)造新得生活，因此他逐漸不再悲傷。
